Modifications of Pakistan in Life Insurance Accounting Regulations or Formats

Attention of the life insurance companies is drawn to the accounting
regulations/formats notified under the Securities and Exchange Commission
(Insurance) Rules, 2002 (S.R.O. 938(I)/2002 dated December 12, 2002).
2. While preparing the annual accounts for the year 2002, life insurance
companies experienced certain difficulties in following the revised accounting
regulations/formats referred to in Para 1 above and suggested some
modifications/amendments therein. Giving due consideration to the proposals, the
accounting regulations/formats for life insurance companies are modified as under:-
Changes in Accounting Regulations -Text
Sub-regulation 1(4) is modified to read as follows:
(4) Published financial statements means the accounts which are required to be
presented by a company under section 233 of the Companies Ordinance
1984, or, in the case of the State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan,
under the Life Insurance Nationalization Order, 1972.
Sub-regulation 3(1) is modified to include:
- Summary of Assets in Pakistan (Form LJ)
- Statement of Changes in Equity (Form LL)
- Statements required under S 52(2) (a) & (b) (Form LM)
- Statement required under S 52(2) (c) (Form LN)
Sub-regulation 4(1) is modified to include, under the statements required to be filed
under S233(5) of the Companies Ordinance, 1984
- Statement of Changes in Equity (Form LL)
Cont…P/2
- ( 2 ) -
Regulation 8 is changed to the following:
(1) A liability for outstanding claims shall be recognised in respect of all claims
incurred to balance sheet date.
(2) A claim shall be considered to be incurred at the time of the incident giving
rise to the claim, except as otherwise expressly indicated in a contract of
insurance. In the case of investment-linked business, claims shall be
recognized at the time at which the policy ceases to participate in the
earnings of the fund.
(3) Outstanding claims which have been reported and which are contractually
payable within twelve months of the balance sheet date must be measured
at the undiscounted value of expected future payments and should be
included in the balance sheet under the head Outstanding Claims.
(4) Outstanding claims which have been reported but which are contractually
payable over a period exceeding twelve months from the balance sheet date
shall be included in determining policyholder liabilities, being stated at values
determined by the Appointed Actuary using bases consistent with those used
in the determination of other aspects of policyholder liabilities
(5) Claims incurred but not reported shall be included in determining
policyholder liabilities, being stated at values determined by the Appointed
Actuary.
(6) Provisions booked for experience refund of premiums as per terms of the
policy contracts shall be the part of outstanding claims and be shown
accordingly in the Balance Sheet. It shall not be the part of the policyholder
liability.
Sub-regulations 12(6) and 12(7) are added as under:
(6) Branch overheads are those expenses other than commission and other
benefits to insurance intermediaries, which are incurred to run the affairs of
the Branch. The Branch Overheads among others may include the following
types of cost:
- Salaries, perquisites, overriding commission and incentives to those
personnel related with the branch and primarily involved with the
acquisition of insurance business.
Cont….P/3
- ( 3 ) -
- Such proportion of all other operational cost incidental to run Branch
functions such as utilities, entertainment, telephone, rent and building
maintenance cost as relates to the acquisition of insurance business.
(7) Other acquisition costs are those directly related to the procurement of
insurance business like policy stamps etc.
Sub-regulation 13(3) is deleted.
Sub-regulations 15(6) and 15(7) are modified to read as follows:
(6) Subject to the provisions of Section 21 of the Ordinance, the financial
statements shall show the allocation of surplus, if any, in the individual
statutory fund ledger account provided the respective individual statutory
fund ledger account does not carry a debit balance, in the financial year
required to be made under section 21 of the Ordinance, and such accounts
as are relevant shall be recorded following such allocation of surplus.
(7) Policyholder liabilities shall include the actuarial present value of all bonuses
allocated to in-force policies out of surpluses arising as a result of the
actuarial valuation carried out as at the date of the financial statements.
Sub-regulation 16(1)(c), is inserted as under:
(c) After initial recognition, the following financial assets that have a fixed
maturity should be measured at amortized cost using the effective interest
method i.e. the effective internal rate of return to maturity is used to
recognize periodical investment income based on the net present value of
future anticipated cash flows on a uniform basis: -
- loans and receivables originated by the enterprise and not held for
trading.
- held-to-maturity investments: and
- any financial assets that do not have a quoted market price in an active
market and whose fair value can not be reliably measured.
Changes in Accounting Regulations - Forms
Modified/Additional Forms (LA, LB, LD, LD1, LE, LF, LH, LI, LJ, LK, LL, LM & LN) are
attached. (It may, however, be noted that Form LC & LG have not been changed).
Cont….P/4
- ( 4 ) -
3. All life insurance companies are accordingly advised to prepare the
annual accounts for the period ended December 31, 2003 onwards on the modified
formats enclosed.
(SHAFAAT AHMAD)
Executive Director
Distribution
1. Chief Executives / Managing Directors of all life insurance companies
2. President, Pakistan Society of Actuaries
3. President, Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan
4. President, Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Pakistan

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Excellent Options for Those Seeking Mortgage Life Insurance Policies

Mortgage life insurance is a specialized form of life insurance that pays off the mortgage loan in the event of the policyholder's death.
Mortgage life Insurance Policy

Mortgage life insurance helps to protects families and their homes.

A growing number of homeowners are realizing the importance of purchasing mortgage life insurance. By having mortgage life insurance in place, the policyholder can take comfort in knowing that the home will be paid off if he or she passes away, which guarantees the remaining family members will still have a place to live.

Although more people are realizing the importance of keeping their families protected with mortgage life insurance, many are uncertain about where they can obtain this insurance or how much they should expect to pay. That’s where MortgageLifeInsurance.biz comes in.

Mortgage Life Insurance was created in order to help homeowners quickly and easily obtain instant quotes from a variety of companies offering mortgage life insurance policies. By working with the experience professionals at Mortgage Life Insurance, homeowners can obtain the lowest possible rates while still dealing with a reputable insurance agency that will be able to pay the benefits if the policyholder were to pass away.

This visiting the Mortgage Life Insurance website can quickly and easily get accurate mortgage life insurance quotes by filling out a simple providing a few simple pieces of information, including the state in which they live, their weight, height and birth date, the amount of coverage they require and the length of time the coverage needs to be in place. After providing this information, site visitors are instantly provided with quotes from several different mortgage life insurance companies. In addition, once visitors have decided upon the provider that best meets their needs, the professionals at Mortgage Life Insurance provide assistance with completing the necessary paperwork.

To learn more about how Mortgage Life Insurance or to obtain quotes from a number of different insurance companies, visit MortgageLifeInsurance.biz.

Mortgage life insurance lead

For understanding the meaning of above term, we have to know the meaning to two independent terms. These are mortgage and life insurance leads. Mortgage is process of process of obtaining loan by way of providing securities like home, land or any other real estate. So far the life insurance leads are concerned, these are the request or application forms filled by the people that wish to get their lives insured and want to compare different insurance companies etc so as to get the life insurance at the lowest quotes. It is important to understand here that though most of people go for term life insurance products generally; there are some people that want mortgage protection life insurance products.

In countries like United States etc, there are many people that buy their homes by way of mortgage loans. Normally, lending institutions would provide about 75% of the value of home as mortgage loan whereas 25% of the home purchase price is to be provided by the homebuyer. In case, a person requires more than 75% of home purchase price as loan, lending institutions require him to get an active life insurance policy. With life insurance policy, a person can buy new house by making down payment as less as 5%. Thus, life insurance policy becomes more desirable in such cases from the borrowers prospective also. Leads pertaining to this type of life insurance policy are called as mortgage life insurance leads.

Almost all the insurance companies have deployed insurance agents to collect as many mortgage life insurance leads so that these can easily be converted into active life insurance policies. These leads play a very important role as it allows life insurance companies to know about the people that are interested in taking these policies and insurance companies can negotiate accordingly. If seen with the lenders point of view, it is also correct to obtain the life insurance policy so that in future, if any untoward incident happens with the person resulting in his death, the outstanding loan amount can easily be recovered from the life insurance company. Mortgage life insurance leads are all about the prospective buyers of homes that have to get their lives insured. It is their requirement, not their wish. In some cases, lenders have contacts with different life insurance companies so that all the needs of a person can be fulfilled at a single point. In such cases, it is advised that a person must compare the quotes of a particular life insurance company with other similar companies. While doing so, a person may save some amount towards the premium payable to the life insurance company.

Related aspects

There are many related aspects of mortgage life insurance leads that need to be understood completely. Life insurance agents play a very important role in getting the mortgage life insurance leads and converting them to active policies. They closely observe the real estate market and find information about all the people that sincerely wish to buy a home. In most of cases, a person would like to provide as low down payment as he can. This desire is cashed out by the life insurance agents. Insurance company agents also keep proper liaison with the lending institutions so as to get information about all the people that wish to buy home in near future.

In present times, internet has become the greatest source of getting mortgage life insurance leads. Many people that wish to buy home fill in the life insurance application form on no-obligation basis and are able to get the quotes of various life insurance companies in a particular area. These leads are then differentiated as per the location, requirements, and other specifications. There are many online sources that specialize in mortgage life insurance leads generation and send these leads to various insurance companies in a particular area. While doing so, they also prepare a database of mortgage life insurance leads.

This allows agents of life insurance companies to get maximum number of leads and then can approach the prospective homebuyer with all the options available. If observed carefully, online lead generation sources also allow a person in getting the mortgage leads at the lowest quotes. For a prospective buyer, these services are provided free of cost normally. But for insurance companies and their agents, these services are paid ones. Online lead generation sources offer many types of package for the insurance agency as well as insurance companies. One aspect that should be understood here is that mortgage life insurance leads are more genuine that other types of insurance leads as a person has already contacted a lender for getting the amount and is now completing various requirements.

Mortgage life insurance is quite beneficial as it allow the family members of a person to live in same house if he dies without repaying the full outstanding mortgage loan amount. If a person observes the mortgage life insurance quotes, he would find that these are almost equal to the outstanding loan amount at the time of getting the policy. However, the quotes of this type of insurance policy depend upon many factors like the age and income of a person. As said above also, there are many sources, both offline and online, that provide mortgage life insurance leads. All the leads cannot be converted to life insurance policies. The best way to find the most potential lead is to search for those people who have already bought their homes by way of mortgage loans and now require to buy life insurance policy so as to make arrangements for the mortgage claims in case of their death. Finding the source for a mortgage life insurance lead is not a problem. Apart from online sources, there are many offline sources that help a person in getting genuine leads. For example, C.M.I.S is one such source in United States located in Orange in the state of California. It can be approached at 171 South Anita Drive, Suite no. 102. So far the conversation ratio of mortgage leads at this source is concerned; it is from 20-35%.

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TERM LIFE INSURANCE SHOPPING IS FAST AND CONVENIENT.

TERM LIFE INSURANCE SHOPPING IS FAST AND CONVENIENT.
Shopping for life insurance for U.S. and Canadian residents is an easy process for people when they shop with Quality Insurance Services. We understand that our visitor's lifestyle is pretty hectic. That's why we want to offer you the ultimate in convenience and cost effectiveness.

Six Reasons to Consider a Term Life Insurance Policy from QIS.

MEDICALS AT YOUR DOOR ANYWHERE IN U.S. AND CANADA
Most people aren't aware that our 'medical at your door' service is at no cost and no obligation to you. This is a really convenient service for the busy person and busy executive. We can have a nurse come to your house or place of business in U.S. and Canada 7 days a week, if you require a medical. This is a nice service as it saves you the time and hassle of taking time off of work to go to the doctors office. This service is available in U.S. and Canada. We'll be able to tell you if we can offer this service to you after you fill in the term life insurance quote form above.

INSTANT LIFE INSURANCE APPROVAL ONLINE
This is the ultimate in convenience for our clients. We ask you a few questions over the phone. We can then immediately check your information online with our life insurance carrier partners to see if you'll be accepted. If all goes well, you could have life insurance coverage in as little as 24 hours. All this without leaving your home or office in U.S. and Canada!

term life insurance quote LIFE INSURANCE INSURANCE APPROVAL BY PHONE
If for some reason we are unable to receive an instant approval for you, we will then proceed with a few more questions which allows us to check on alternative sources. This is especially the case if you're in a little higher risk for health purposes, smoker etc. Once again, we have some strong relationships with the life insurance companies in and should be able to help you out even with difficult health risks.

WE CAN EITHER EMAIL OR OVER NIGHT COURIER THE AGREEMENT
Because you're busy, we can offer the convenience of either emailing your agreement and specifics of your life insurance policy or sending it over night courier. This means that anywhere you live in U.S. and Canada we'll have the paper work for you by the next business day.

A TERM LIFE INSURANCE POLICY IN AS LITTLE AS 24 HOURS
This is important especially if you're not currently covered by any term life insurance, whole life insurance or universal life insurance policies. In some cases we will be able to have a life insurance policy in place for you in as little as 24 hours. That means that you'll have peace of mind right away with your new coverage.

THE MOST IMPORTANT PART - GREAT PRICES!
We shop with the top 10 of the most cost effective term life insurance budget rates in the U.S. and Canada. Everybody's health and age and policy amount requirements are unique. That's why we shop the best 10 insurance carriers in to get all our clients the lowest prices possible for their particular situation. We have very strong relationships with the life insurance carriers which means that we can negotiate the best life insurance prices possible for you. We'll do our best to get you the best premium costs in U.S. and Canada

Get a term life insurance quote today!

Term Life Insurance or Whole?

Term life insurance, also called temporary insurance, covers a person against death for a limited time, the term. For example, the term might be until children are grown, or until college is paid for, or until retirement. You pay for the policy period and at the end of the term, the contract or policy expires. If no claims are made against the policy during the term, you don't receive any benefits after the policy expires, just like auto or homeowners insurance.

Whole life insurance, also called permanent insurance, is permanent and does not expire (assuming you continue to pay the premiums). It provides coverage similar to term life insurance, but it also provides an investment vehicle. A portion of the premium goes for life insurance, while the rest goes into an investment account. This account can be an interest bearing account or a variable (stocks and bonds) investment account.

Which is better (our opinion)? Young families with large financial obligations are usually better off with term life insurance policies. The substantially lower premiums enable them to purchase sufficient coverage to protect against loss of income. Any discretionary investment funds can be placed in other vehicles (mutual funds, money market accounts, etc.) that are likely to generate returns similar to or better than life insurance policies. Whole life insurance is often purchased by people for tax and estate planning purposes. Recently, some advisors have started recommending life insurance as an investment. You should consult with your financial advisor.

A New Year Check List - Insurance

A New Year brings a fresh start for many with goals to achieve and lists to create on what your plans are for the year.

Here are some helpful tips to help guide you into 2009:

Prescriptions - Go through your medicine cabinet and toss out all medicines that are beyond their expiration date. If a product smells or the color has changed you need to toss it in the garbage. Many medicines are still okay after the expiration date, but they are not as strong as they once were. Antibiotics that are in the refrigerator need to be disposed of. Nose drops and eye drops can become contaminated and should be tossed out.

When going through your medicines also check all the over the counter medicines to see when they should be used by and follow suit as well. Make a list of the items you have removed and purchase new bottles/products. Make a note on your new 2008 calendar to order refills on existing medications/prescriptions.

Coupons - Many over the counter medications have coupons available in magazines and newspapers. Go through your supply of coupons to remove all those that expired in 2007 and organize them according to categories. Make a note on your shopping list which items also have a coupon to redeem.

Brushes - Start the New Year by removing the germs of 2007 and invest in a new toothbrush and cover for each member of the family. Do the same thing for hairbrushes and combs you keep on hand and for your purse or handbag. For those with pets purchase new care products for them also. Don't forget cosmetic brushes in your makeup case and vanity.

Glasses - We should still be wearing sunglasses during the winter - this includes children too. I was disappointed to find out that Walgreens does not stock kids sunglasses at this time of year, so we had to go elsewhere for a new pair. For those who wear prescription glasses make an appointment to have your eyes checked.

Cosmetics - Many cosmetics should be tossed and replaced every three months. Start by changing your mascara, powder puff, lipsticks and balms. This includes the cosmetics stored in your handbag, gym bag and at home.

Soaps - For bar soap users clean out the dish the soap is stored and open a fresh bar. If you use a sponge or mesh puff sponge purchase a set of new ones in bright festive colors before removing the used puff. Consider trying a new brand of soap, shampoo and shaving creams.

Message Systems - Change the message on your answering machine and voice mail systems to reflect the New Year 2008 and wish everyone a prosperous New Year. Have the kids leave a message or say their name and Hello as well. Listen to the message before setting it so everyone is pleased with the results. Do the same thing with your work message.

Subscriptions - Check the expiration date on all magazines and newspapers for your family members and the professional journals you may subscribe to at the office. Decide if you want to renew or cancel subscriptions.

Allowance - Start implementing one now or make an increase for the New Year, unless you do this during the birthday month.

Calendars - Hang up new ones and have the children take part in writing down birthdays and events they want to be reminded of. Have calendars for desk and purse noted with dates of interest. We purchased at Border's last week at 50% off a daily cat calendar, a penguin calendar for the wall and a datebook.

Batteries - Make sure all smoke detectors have new batteries and are in working order. Check flashlights inside and in automobiles for working condition and store new batteries close by.

Photographs - Take a current photo of each child and note their height, weight, age and school information on the back. Keep in your wallet, car and purse for emergency purposes. Consider placing a family photo in the child's wallet or backpack.

Taxes - Get your taxes done quickly this year. Consider having more taken out of your paycheck by filling out a new W-4. If your family qualifies for Earned Income Credit obtain a W-5 form from IRS to have advanced payments in each paycheck.

Food - Clean out your refrigerator of old, smelly food and label plastic containers so you know what is inside. Toss out the old eggs and spoiled milk. Post on the outside of the refrigerator the emergency numbers for fire, police, Doctor, Hospital and poison control.

This is also a good reminder to take a class at the local community college or Red Cross to learn CPR, first aid or a number of other emergency related techniques that could save a life. Look inside the trunk of your vehicles to see if emergency kits are up to date and adequate for your family needs. Store bottled water indoors and canned food to last three days for each family member.

Start an activity as a family, whether it be roller skating one night a week, visiting the book store once a week or implementing a game night for all members. Take an active role in your children's education and their extracurricular activities and interests.

CCNA 1 - Module 11 Version 4

1 Which two statements correctly describe the components of a router? (Choose two.)
l RAM permanently stores the configuration file used during the boot sequence.
l ROM contains diagnostics executed on hardware modules.*
l NVRAM stores a backup copy of the IOS used during the boot sequence.
l Flash memory does not lose its contents during a reboot.*
l ROM contains the most current and most complete version of the IOS.
l Flash contains boot system commands to identify the location of the IOS.
2． Which interfaces in the exhibit could be used for a leased line WAN connection? (Choose two.) ?
l 1*
l 2
l 3
l 4*
l 5
l 6
3If a router cannot find a valid configuration file during the startup sequence, what will occur?
l The startup sequence will reset.
l The router will prompt the user for a response to enter setup mode.*
l The startup sequence will halt until a valid configuration file is acquired.
l The router will generate a default configuration file based on the last valid configuration.
l The router will monitor local traffic to determine routing protocol configuration requirements.
4． Which of the following is the correct flow of routines for a router startup?
l load bootstrap, load IOS, apply configuration*
l load bootstrap, apply configuration, load IOS
l load IOS, load bootstrap, apply configuration, check hardware
l check hardware, apply configuration, load bootstrap, load IOS
5． What is the default sequence for loading the configuration file?
l NVRAM, FLASH, ROM
l FLASH, TFTP,CONSOLE
l NVRAM, TFTP, CONSOLE*
l FLASH, TFTP, ROM
6． From what location can a router load the Cisco IOS during the boot process? (Choose two.)
l RAM
l TFTP server*
l NVRAM
l Setup routine
l Flash memory *
l terminal
7． Which are functions of a router? (Choose three.)
l packet switching*
l extension of network segments
l segmentation of broadcast domains*
l selection of best path based on logical addressing*
l selection of best path based on physical addressing
8． What three processes does a router execute when it receives a packet from one network that is destined for another network? (Choose three.)
l encapsulates the Layer 3 packet by stripping off the Layer 2 frame header*
l uses the destination MAC Address in the IP Header to look up the next-hop address in the routing table
l leaves the Layer 2 frame header intact when encapsulating the Layer 3 packet
l uses the destination IP Address in the IP header to look up the next-hop address in the routing table*
l encapsulates the Layer 3 packet into the new Layer 2 frame and forwards it out the exit interface*
l encapsulates the Layer 3 packet into a special Layer 1 frame and forwards it to the exit interface
9 The network administrator needs to connect two routers directly via their FastEthernet ports. What cable should the network administrator use?
l straight-through
l rollover
l cross-over*
l serial
10. Refer to the exhibit. What can be concluded from the output of the running-configuration of a router?

CCNA 1 - Module 11 Version 4

1. Users in the network are experiencing slow response time when doing file transfers to a remote server. What command could be issued to determine if the router has experienced any input or output errors?
• show running-config
• show startup-config
• show interfaces
• show ip route
• show version
• show memory

2. Refer to the exhibit. A technician applies the configuration in the exhibit to a clean router. To verify the configuration, the technician issues the show running-config command in the CLI session with the router. What lines should the technician expect to see in the router output from the show running-config command?
• enable password classline console 0password ccna
• enable secret ciscoenable password classline console 0password ccna
• enable secret 5 $1$v0/3$QyQWmJyT7zCa/yaBRasJm0enable password classline console 0password ccna
• enable secret ciscoenable password 7 14141E0A1F17line console 0password 7 020507550A
• enable secret 5 $1$v0/3$QyQWmJyT7zCa/yaBRasJm0enable password 7 14141E0A1F17line console 0password 7 020507550A
3. Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator on HostA has problems accessing the FTP server. Layer three connectivity testing was successful from HostA to the S1 interface of RouterB. Which set of commands will allow the network administrator to telnet to RouterB and run debug commands?
• RouterB(config)# enable secret class
RouterB(config)# line vty 0 4
RouterB(config-if)# login
• RouterB(config)# enable secret class
RouterB(config)# line vty 0 2
RouterB(config-vty)# password cisco
RouterB(config-vty)# login
• RouterB(config)# enable secret class
RouterB(config)# line vty 0
RouterB(config-line)# password cisco
RouterB(config-line)# login
• RouterB(config)# enable secret class
RouterB(config)# line aux 0
RouterB(config-line)# password cisco
RouterB(config-line)# login
• RouterB(config)# enable secret class
RouterB(config)# line aux 0
RouterB(config-vty)# password cisco
RouterB(config-vty)# login
4. Refer to the exhibit. The output is shown for the show ip route command executed on Router A. What does the IP address 192.168.2.2 represent?
• Gateway for the 192.168.1.0 network
• Gateway for the 192.168.3.0 network
• IP assigned to the serial port on Router A
• IP assigned to the serial port on Router B

5. What command is used to change the default router name to Fontana?
• Router# name Fontana
• Router# hostname Fontana
• Router(config)# name Fontana
• Router(config)# hostname Fontana

6. The serial connection shown in the graphic needs to be configured. Which configuration commands must be made on the Sydney router to establish connectivity with the Melbourne site? (Choose three.)
• Sydney(config-if)# ip address 201.100.53.2 255.255.255.0
• Sydney(config-if)# no shutdown
• Sydney(config-if)# ip address 201.100.53.1 255.255.255.224
• Sydney(config-if)# clock rate 56000
• Sydney(config-if)# ip host Melbourne 201.100.53.2 7. Refer to the exhibit. What additional command is required to allow remote access to this switch?
• NA-SW1(config-if)# no shutdown
• NA-SW1(config)# enable password password
• NA-SW1(config)# ip default-gateway address
• NA-SW1(config-if)# description description
8. When network services fail, which port is most often used to access a router for management purposes?
AUX
Ethernet
• Console
Telnet
SSH

9. A network administrator needs to keep the user ID, password, and session contents private when establishing remote CLI connectivity with a router to manage it. Which access method should be chosen?
• Telnet
• Console
• AUX
• SSH
welcome to www.ccna-4.blogspot.com
10. In a Cisco router, when do changes made to the running-configuration take effect?
• after a system restart
• as the commands are entered
• when logging off the system
• when the configuration is saved to the startup-configuration
11. Refer to the exhibit. Which names correctly identify the CLI mode represented by the prompt for Switch-East4#? (Choose two.)
• line configuration mode
• user executive mode
• global configuration mode
• privileged executive mode
• interface configuration mode
• enable mode

12. Which three terms correctly define the forms of help available within the Cisco IOS? (Choose three.)
• hot keys
• context-check
• context-sensitive
• structured check
• command override
• command syntax check
13. Which combination of keys would be used at the CLI prompt to interrupt a ping or traceroute process?
• Ctrl-C
• Ctrl-P
• Ctrl-R
• Ctrl-Shift-6
• Ctrl-Z

14. Refer to the exhibit. What command will place the router into the correct mode to configure an appropriate interface to connect to a LAN?
• UBAMA# configure terminal
• UBAMA(config)# line vty 0 4
• UBAMA(config)# line console 0
• UBAMA(config)# interface Serial 0/0/0
• UBAMA(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/1

15. On a Cisco router, which interface would be used to make the initial configuration?
• Console Port

16. Refer to the exhibit. A student is responsible for the IP addressing, configuration and connectivity testing of the network shown in the graphic. A ping from host B to host C results in a destination unreachable but a ping from host B to host A was successful. What two reasons could account for this failure based on the graphic and partial router output for the Dallas router? (Choose two.)
• The host A is turned off.
• The Fa0/0 interface on Dallas is shutdown.
• The LAN cable is disconnected from host B.
• The S0/0/1 IP address of Dallas is improperly configured.
• The Fa0/0 interface on Dallas is in a different subnet than host B.
• The clock rate is missing on the serial link between Dallas and NYC.

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CCNA: Is it for you? - what is CCNA?

(The CCNA version was updated to #640-801 in June 2003. Although this article written before then is based on the retired #640-607 exam, it still gives details of the CCNA focus.) CCNA has again been updated in 2007. There are new exams - CCNA 640-802 and CCENT . Learn More: New CCNA 2007 Update

Quite a few prospective IT certification candidates have an interest in Cisco's foundation program. This is no surprise as Cisco is a popular certification sponsor. No wonder there is quite a bit of attention paid to Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA). The Exam (#640-607) replaced 640-507 as the Cisco Certified Network Associate 2.0 exam in March 2002.

What is CCNA?

But what really is CCNA? CCNA is a beginning-level program that aims to certify a solid foundation in Cisco networking. Cisco's certification programs are about certifying the competence of Internetworking professionals in routing, switching and connectivity. CCNA requires passing only one written exam (#640-607). Once this certification has been obtained, it can be a stopping point, as you've become qualified in Routing and Switching (valid for three years), or can be a starting point for a Professional-level certification.

But it is important to know why you are getting certified. For instance, do you know that for CCNA, you must have a good background in networking? In fact it is meant for anyone involved in implementing or supporting networks. A CCNA professional should be able to manage simple networked and internetworked environments incorporating routers and switches. Do you have an interest in networks or Internetworking? Do you want to work in the networking field? How does CCNA fit into your career development plan?

So what does CCNA entail? There are 55 to 65 questions asked, and and a candidate has 90 minutes to answer them with a required passing score of at least 849. Possible scores range from 300 and 1,000).

How you prepare for CCNA depends largely on your current knowledge and experience of networking. Certification preparation options include instructor-led training, e-simulations, practical labs, practice tests, study materials, etc.
If you have the funds and time, it is always advisable to include instructor-led training in your preparations.

Back to Basics

As a first step, let's go back to networking. You must be comfortable with the technical fundamentals of networking. Practical networking means being familiar with the basics of networking. Can you describe the functions of the OSI model and explain the basic differences between a hub, switch, router, and bridge?

Fundamental networking means being able to: 1) apply fundamental data communications and network concepts, 2) identify different types of networks and network topologies, 3) share resources such as printers on a network, 4) install and configure Network components, 5) identify the differences between types of networks, 6) install and configure networks, and 7) troubleshoot network problems with proven techniques that are efficient and effective
It is absolutely essential that you have a good foundation in the fundamentals of networking.

Let us look into CCNA in more detail:
The objectives for CCNA can be divided into eight categories. You are expected to master all the categories:

* OSI Model
* Bridging/Switching;
* Network Protocols;
* Routing;
* WAN Protocols;
* Network Management;
* LAN Design;
* Cisco Basics, IOS & Network Basics .

Let us briefly look at what you are expected to know in each category.

OSI Model
The OSI model was created by the ISO (International Standards Organization) for the purpose of creating a networking standard all vendors could adhere to. The presence of a standard makes it possible for vendors using different operating systems to communicate on the same network.
OSI uses layered communication. A mnemonic used to memorize the order of the layers is �All People Seem To Need Data Processing�. A solid understanding of this model is required. The layers are: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data link and Physical.

Bridging/Switching
What are bridges? What are switches? You should be able to explain the difference between a bridge and a switch. And you must also know the difference between the methods of switching. What are VLANs? How does the Spanning Tree Protocol work?

Network Protocols
You need to understand the key differences among network protocols, primarily TCP/IP and SPX/IPX. Understand the functions of individual segments of each protocol as well as the addressing scheme used by each networking protocol and have a general understanding of protocol services and access lists

Routing Protocols
What is a routing protocol? What is it designed for? You should know about RIP and IGRP. Understand the different types of routing protocols. This also involves knowing their differences.

WAN Protocols
In this category, CCNA professionals are expected to know how to configure ISDN and frame relay connections. You should also understand ATM, HDLC and other technologies.

Network Management
What are DNS and Telnet used for? Do you know the commands specific to troubleshooting for each of the WAN, LAN, and routing protocols? This may involve simulation or actual basic day-to-day usage of Cisco equipment.

LAN Design
You need to know about the various LAN types (Ethernet, Fast-Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and Token Ring). What are their features and benefits? Your network troubleshooting skills are also important.

Cisco Basics, IOS and Network Basics
How can you issue commands on the Cisco IOS - the operating system running on the device that is used to connect the networks? Cisco requires you to be proficient with IOS, its Internetworking Operating System, which runs on almost all of their products. You need to be VERY comfortable at the command line before attempting any Cisco exam. You need to be aware syntax differences and different interface modes.
Note that Cisco exams are form-based in design (as opposed to adaptive), but do not give you the ability to mark questions or view previous ones. Once you've marked an answer, you move to the next question and never return.
The Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) 640-607 exams are offered worldwide through VUE or Sylvan Prometric test centers.
640-607 replaced 640-507 as the CCNA 2.0 in March 2002. The new exam (640-607) uses the same objectives as the previous one but now features hands-on simulation questions.
You can get more information on the implications of the change here:

The objectives for the CCNA exam combine basic networking knowledge with specifics for a large number of protocols. This serves to make for an exam that is knowledge-intensive. CCNA is the ideal certification for a solid foundation in Internetworking and Cisco networking. The exam tests real-world knowledge of networking and Internetworking fundamentals that any Internetworking professional worth their salt should master.

Do you know all the objectives and sub objectives for this exam? If you are in doubt, don't even attempt the exam. What I have highlighted are brief introductions to the key topics to be aware of if you are preparing for the exam. For details of the objectives, click here:

Final Note:
Certification alone cannot move your IT career forward. Practical experience and professionalism are important. Do you have a career focus or you're just joining the CCNA bandwagon? CCNA is obviously a popular and an in-demand IT certification, but only go for CCNA if it fits into your career development plan.